# Pcf scales and squares

The last few posts I’ve been covering a characterisation of pointclasses that admit scales. To make scale theory even more confusing there’s a completely different notion of scale, which really has nothing to do with our previous one — this one being of a more combinatorial nature. To avoid unnecessary confusion I’ll call these new objects pfc scales (but usually they’re simply called scales as well, however).

The pcf scales are always associated to some singular cardinal $\kappa$, so let’s fix one of those, and also fix an associated increasing sequence $\langle\kappa_i\mid i<\text{cof }\kappa\rangle$ of regular cardinals cofinal in $\kappa$.  Then a pcf scale on $\kappa^+$ with respect to $\vec\kappa$ is a sequence $\langle f_\alpha\mid\alpha<\kappa^+\rangle$ such that

1. $f_\alpha\in\Pi_i\kappa_i$ for every $\alpha<\kappa^+$;
2. $f_\alpha<^* f_\beta$ for every $\alpha<\beta<\kappa^+$, meaning that $f_\alpha(i) for a tail of $i<\text{cof }\kappa$;
3. Given any $f\in\Pi_i\kappa_i$ there’s an $\alpha<\kappa^+$ such that $f<^*f_\alpha$ (i.e. $\vec f$ is a dominating family).

The following ZFC theorem of Shelah shows that we can always find pcf scales. For a proof of this, see e.g. Eisworth’s chapter in the handbook.

Theorem (Shelah). If $\kappa$ is singular then there exists an increasing sequence of regular cardinals $\langle\kappa_i\mid i<\text{cof }\kappa\rangle$ cofinal in $\kappa$ with $\text{cof }\kappa<\kappa_0$ and a pcf scale on $\kappa^+$ with respect to $\vec\kappa$.

To exceed ZFC we strengthen the notion of pcf scale, and say that $\vec f$ is a very good pcf scale on $\kappa^+$ with respect to $\vec\kappa$ if it’s a pcf scale such that whenever $\alpha<\kappa^+$ satisfies $\text{cof }\alpha\in(\text{cof }\kappa,\kappa)$ then there’s a club $C\subseteq\kappa$ and $i<\text{cof }\kappa$ such that for every $\beta,\gamma\in C$ with $\beta<\gamma$, $f_\beta(j) holds for every $j\in(i,\text{cof }\kappa)$.

It turns out that the existence of very good pcf scales are related to the existence of square sequences, so let’s quickly recall what those are.

Definition. Let $\lambda\leq\kappa$ be cardinals. Then $\Box_{\kappa,\lambda}$ holds if there’s a sequence $\langle\mathcal C_\alpha\mid\alpha<\kappa^+\text{ limit}\rangle$ such that for each $\alpha$,

1. $\emptyset\neq\mathcal C_\alpha\subseteq\mathcal P(\alpha)$, $\left|\mathcal C_\alpha\right|\leq\lambda$ and every $C\in\mathcal C_\alpha$ is club in $\alpha$;
2. If $\text{cof }\alpha<\kappa$ then $\text{ot}(C)<\kappa$ for every $C\in\mathcal C_\alpha$;
3. $C\cap\beta\in\mathcal C_\beta$ holds for every $C\in\mathcal C_\alpha$ and $\beta\in\text{lim }C$.

Recall that the existence of square sequences can be seen as a “non-compactness property”, in that weak compactness implies failure of square principles, as we covered in a previous post. The following result shows that very good pcf scales are also signs of non-compactness.

Theorem (Cummings-Foreman-Magidor). Let $\kappa$ be a singular cardinal and assume $\Box_{\kappa,\lambda}$ holds for some $\lambda<\kappa$. Then there’s a very good pcf scale on $\kappa^+$.

Before we dig into the proof, we note that $\Box_{\kappa,<\kappa}$ does not suffice for this theorem, as is shown in Levine (’15). It’s also shown in Gitik & Sharon (’08) that the existence of a very good pcf scale on $\kappa^+$ doesn’t imply the weak square $\Box_{\kappa,\kappa}$ and in particular doesn’t imply $\Box_{\kappa,<\kappa}$ either, making the existence of very good pcf scales and the existence of $\Box_{\kappa,<\kappa}$-sequences independent of each other (modulo large cardinals). Okay, let’s dig in.

Proof. Pick an increasing cofinal sequence $\vec\kappa$ in $\kappa$ with $\kappa_0>\text{cof }\kappa+\lambda$. Let $\vec{\mathcal{C}}$ witness $\Box_{\kappa,\lambda}$. Build $\langle g_\alpha\mid \alpha<\kappa^+\rangle$ recursively, where we inductively make sure that $f_\alpha for all $\alpha<\kappa^+$, with $\vec f$ being the pcf scale on $\kappa^+$, given to us by Shelah’s theorem above.

For $\alpha=0$ we simply let $g_0>f_0$. For successors we again simply choose $g_{\alpha+1}>f_{\alpha+1},g_\alpha$. Assume lastly that $\alpha$ is a limit. We need to ensure that

1. $f_\alpha;
2. $g_\beta<^*g_\alpha$ for every $\beta<\alpha$;
3. $\text{sup}\{\text{sup}\{g_\beta(i)\mid\beta\in C\}\mid C\in\mathcal C_\alpha\land\left|C\right|<\kappa_i\} for every $i<\text{cof }\kappa$.

Points (1) and (2) are simple to achieve, and (c) can be achieved by using the regularity of $\kappa_i$. We now check that this actually works. So let $\alpha<\kappa^+$ satisfy $\text{cof }\alpha\in(\text{cof }\kappa,\kappa)$ and pick $C\in\mathcal C_\alpha$. Let $i<\text{cof }\kappa$ be such that $\left|C\right|<\kappa_i$, let $\beta,\gamma\in\text{lim }C$ with $\beta<\gamma$, and let $j\in(i,\text{cof} \kappa)$.

Then by (3) of the definition of $\Box_{\kappa,\lambda}$, $C\cap\beta\in\mathcal C_\beta$ and $C\cap\gamma\in\mathcal C_\gamma$. Also, $\beta\in C\cap\gamma$ and $\left|C\cap\gamma\right|<\kappa_j$. We chose $g_\beta(j) in the above condition (3). QED